http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390 I am MtDNA haplogroup K2a and Y chromosome haplogroup I1b. That statement offers a panoramic view of my ancestral past, but it sits atop a mountain of understanding. A couple of months ago, my wife and I decided to participate in the Genographic Project run by National Geographic and IBM. We ordered 3 kits at about $100 each from their web site. A month later, we got our kits, including welcome materials and DNA sampling materials. We swabbed the insides of our cheeks and sent the vials back in the prepaid envelopes. A few weeks later the lab was finished and our results were ready to access online. This is where to start if you want to participate in The Genographic Project. Each Genographic Project kit analyzes either your mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) or your Y-chromosome DNA. A basic understanding of mitochondrial DNA and of chromosomes is needed to make sense of the results. MtDNA: matrilineal haplogroup Every one of us has mitochondria in every single one of our 50 trillion or so cells. Mitochondria generate additional energy to power those cells. Mitochondria aren't just organelles in human cells, either: they are found in nearly all species of plants and animals. Mitochondria are intriguing because they contain their own DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) in human beings is a small circular string of 16 thousand base-pairs, much simpler than the DNA found in our cell nuclei. Another important difference between MtDNA and nuclear DNA is that our MtDNA comes only from our mothers. When the male's sperm fertilizes the female's egg, their genetic material recombines, the egg and the sperm each contributing 23 chromosomes to the new zygote. Both the egg and the sperm contain their own mitochondria, but the sperm's few mitochondria are doomed to die: the egg locates sperm mitochondria and destroys them before they get a chance to replicate. At birth, human infants have nuclear DNA which is a fusion of their mother's and their father's nuclear DNA but their cells contain only their mother's MtDNA. Each of us had a biological mother and biological father: going back a single generation, each of us inherited genetic material from 2 different human individuals, mom and dad. If we regress 2 generations, to our grandparents, we find 4 different individuals contributing to our genetic heritage. The number of people who contributed to our individual nuclear DNA grows exponentially as we go back in time: a mere 5 generations ago, about 125 years ago, 32 different people contributed to our nuclear DNA. One of those 32 people, the woman who was your mother's mother's mothers' mother's mother had the exact same MtDNA as you do, because you got your MtDNA in an unfused line of descent from her. Twenty generations back, about 500 years ago, as many as 1 million different people contributed to your genetic inheritance. One of those million individual people, a woman, passed her MtDNA unaltered down to you in matrilineal descent. When MtDNA gets copied, rare mistakes and mutations occur, some of which result in still-functional mitochondria. Your MtDNA is almost certainly identical to your mother's MtDNA and your mother's mother's MtDNA, but the further we recede in matrilineal descent, the more likely we are to encounter mutations. Geneticists examine those rare mutations to calculate &quot;genetic distance&quot; between the now 100s of thousands of analyzed MtDNAs. They then use those calculations to trace, organize, and analyze human ancestry and migration. An MtDNA haplogroup is a set of haplotypes, statistical groupings of closely related DNA. Different haplogroups are found in different geographical regions and are due to distinct population histories. I am MtDNA haplogroup K. That means my mitochondrial DNA differs from the Cambridge Reference Sequence mitochondrial DNA at base pairs 16224C, 16311C, and 16519C in what is called Hyper Variable Region 1 (HVR1): those are the defining mutations for haplogroup K. Those mutations are relatively rare, shared by only about 8% of Europeans. Haplogroup K is also called Clan Katrine, the name retroactively given the first woman whose MtDNA had those defining mutations by Bryan Sykes in his 2001 book, The Seven Daughters of Eve. Clan Katrine includes other famous people, including Stephen Colbert, Katie Couric, and Otzi the Iceman, a 5,000 year-old mummy found in the Alps. Further testing by FamilyTreeDNA located additional mutations at 146C and 152C in HVR2, the defining mutations for haplotype 2a of haplogroup K, making my MtDNA haplogroup K2a, a relatively rare haplotype within haplogroup K. That is only the beginning of the story, however: this piece of information about my mitochondrial DNA opens out to a panoramic view of my matrilineal descent. Y-chromosome: patrilineal haplogroup Every one of our 50 trillion or so cells has a nucleus which contains chromosomes housing our nuclear DNA. Human beings have 46 chromosomes organized in 23 joined pairs and containing about 3 billion base-pairs, which function to organize each individual's biology. One of those chromosome pairs is sex-differentiating: men have an XY-chromosome-pair and women have an XX chromosome-pair. When females produce eggs and males produce sperm, those 23 pairs of chromosomes, diploids, are split into 23 single chromosomes, haploids. Any given sperm has either that man's X chromosome or his Y chromosome. At fertilization, the haploid cells, sperm and egg, recombine their nuclear DNA to produce a diploid, the zygote. If a Y-chromosome bearing sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote will almost certainly differentiate into a male and if an X-chromosome bearing sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will almost certainly differentiate female. Every person's nuclear DNA is a recombination of the nuclear DNA of their biological parents. The exception is the male Y chromosome, which is almost certainly identical to the father's Y chromosome. That men inherit their father's Y chromosome unaltered by their mother's DNA allows researchers to trace patrilineal descent. A mere 5 generations ago, about 125 years ago, for example, 32 different people contributed to a man's nuclear DNA. One of those 32 people, the man who was the father's father's fathers' father's father had nearly the exact same Y chromosome as the man does, unaltered by any other ancestor. And 20 generations back, about 500 years ago, as many as 1 million different people contributed to that man's genetic inheritance. One of those million individual people, a man, passed his Y chromosome unaltered down to him in patrilineal descent.&nbsp; When the Y chromosome gets copied, rare mistakes and mutations occur, some of which result in still-functional chromosomes. A man's Y chromosome is almost certainly identical to his father's and his father's father's Y chromosome, but the further we recede in patrilineal descent, the more likely we are to generate mutations. Geneticists examine those rare mutations to trace, organize, and analyze human ancestry and migration. A Y chromosome haplogroup is a set of haplotypes, statistical groupings of similarity in DNA: they allow geneticists to organize human descent. Different haplogroups are found in different geographical regions and are due to distinct population histories. I am Y chromosome haplogroup I1b. That means the 12 locations on my Y chromosome which were analyzed for their short tandem repeats (STRs) fit a particular genetic pattern which places me in Y chromosome haplogroup I. I have a particular mutation called marker P37.2 that places me in subclade I1b. Researchers call that particular haplotype I1b Dinaric, named after the Dinaric Alps region of the South Slavic Balkans which have the highest concentration of this genetic pattern. This, too, only begins the story, however: this piece of information about my Y chromosome DNA opens out to vast vistas across time and space. My deep genetic past Scientists, using DNA evidence, put the emergence of Homo sapiens sapiens at about 200,000 years ago. The oldest bones of our species that we have found have been dated to about 130,000 years ago. A very important member of our species has been termed &quot;Mitochondrial Eve&quot;. This woman lived from about 150,000 to 170,000 years ago. She is special not because she was the first woman: there were many other women alive at the time she was. Mitochondrial Eve was important because her mitochondrial DNA has been passed down, in matrilineal descent, to every single person alive today: she is our common mother. Eve lived in East Africa. The mitochondrial DNA of the daughters of Eve mutated after a number of generations into 2 different forms, termed L0 and L1. The concentration of the L0 and L1 variants of mitochondrial DNA is, to this day, highest in East Africa. After thousands of years, a variant of L1 DNA emerged. Today, L2 mitochondrial DNA is most concentrated in West Africa. About 80,000 years ago, a woman with L2 mitochondrial DNA gave birth to a girl with mutations which would develop into a new haplogroup, L3. Persons with L3 MtDNA are found all over Africa, but they are in high concentrations in Northern Africa. Members of haplogroup L3 moved north through the Middle East and were the first humans to leave Africa, probably around the time of the African Ice Age 60,000 years ago. My MtDNA past so far is: MtDNA Eve (160,000)--&gt; L1 --&gt; L2 --&gt; L3 (80,000) The African Ice Age of about 60,000 years ago is where my patrilineal descent begins. A male with Y-chromosome marker M168 lived about 50,000 years ago in northeast Africa and his Y-chromosome DNA is in every non-African man living today: his was the only lineage to survive outside of Africa. About 45,000 years ago, there was a mutation in the Y-chromosome in the M168 line: the M89 marker is found in 90-95% of all non-African males. The first man with marker M89 was born in Northern Africa or the Middle East. The story of my Y-chromosome DNA thus far is: M168 (50,000) --&gt; M89 (45,000) On the female side of things, about the time that M89 emerged, a woman with L3 MtDNA had a baby girl who gave rise to a new haplogroup, termed N. Her descendents lived in the Eastern Mediterranean and Western Asia. After a few thousand years of exploration and settlement, the descendents of the founding member of haplogroup N, gave rise to a woman with a new mutation. This woman gave rise to haplogroup R. Some of the members of haplogroup R migrated north across Turkey and into the Caucasus mountains of Georgia and Russia. About 50,000 years ago, a woman in MtDNA haplogroup R gave birth to a girl with a set of mutations which are considered to be determinative of a new haplogroup, U. This founding mother of haplogroup U has been given the name Ursula. Clan Ursula, as it is now called, spread throughout Europe and settled into isolated refuges as the Ice sheets descended from the north in the last Glacial Maximum. Thus far, the matrilineal descent looks like this: MtDNA Eve (160,000)--&gt; L1 --&gt; L2 --&gt; L3&nbsp;(80,000)--&gt; N (60,000)--&gt; R --&gt; U (50,000) On the male side of things, about 20,000 years ago, in an isolated refuge from the last Glacial Maximum, the last great Ice Age, somewhere in the Balkans, a man with Y-chromosome DNA M89 gave birth to a son with mutations which would come to define haplogroup I.&nbsp; Those mutations are&nbsp;defined by marker&nbsp;M170. As the ice sheets of the Last Glacial Maximum began to retreat in Europe, many of the descendants of haplogroup I followed northward. My descendants probably did not. About 15,000 years ago, a boy was born to a haplogroup I male with Y-chromosome mutations which defined haplotype I1b. This mutation is determined by marker P37.2 on my Y-chromosome. This man lived in central and southeastern Europe, likely in an Ice Age refuge in the Adriatic region of modern-day Croatia. As far as our personal ancestry goes back, my patrilineal ancestry is confined to the same small geographical area in the Dinaric Alps of the South Slavic Balkans. The men of my past are homeboys of the first order: they seem to have lived in the same neighborhood in every generation for about 20,000 years back. No wonder moving has always stressed me out so much! My complete Y-chromosome deep ancestry looks like this: M168 (50,000) -&gt; M89 (45,000) -&gt; I (M170 20,000)-&gt; I1b1 (P37.2 15,000) Back to the women. About 16,000 years ago, Katrine, the founding mother of MtDNA haplogroup K was born, probably in southern Russia or the steppes of the Black Sea. Katrine was a descendant of a woman in Clan Ursula, specifically in subclade U8. The most likely explanation has Katrine being born in a haplogroup U8 tribe moving north in Europe, following the retreating ice sheets as the last Glacial Maximum retreated north. My specific haplotype, K2a, emerged from haplogroup K in the last few thousand years in Europe and my mother passed that mitochondrial DNA down to me. My complete MtDNA deep ancestry looks like this: Eve (160,000)-&gt; L1-&gt; L2-&gt; L3 (80,000)-&gt; N (60,000)-&gt; R-&gt; U (50,000)-&gt; K (16,000) I am MtDNA haplogroup K2a and Y chromosome haplogroup I1b. That statement offers a panoramic view of my ancestral past, but it sits atop a mountain of understanding. I am MtDNA haplogroup K2a and Y chromosome haplogroup I1b. That statement offers a panoramic view of my ancestral past, but it sits atop a mountain of understanding. A couple of months ago, my wife and I decided to participate in the Genographic Project run by National Geographic and IBM. We ordered 3 kits at about $100 each from their web site. A month later, we got our kits, including welcome materials and DNA sampling materials. We swabbed the insides of our cheeks and sent the vials back in the prepaid envelopes. A few weeks later the lab was finished and our results were ready to access online. This is where to start if you want to participate in The Genographic Project. Each Genographic Project kit analyzes either your mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) or your Y-chromosome DNA. A basic understanding of mitochondrial DNA and of chromosomes is needed to make sense of the results. MtDNA: matrilineal haplogroup Every one of us has mitochondria in every single one of our 50 trillion or so cells. Mitochondria generate additional energy to power those cells. Mitochondria aren't just organelles in human cells, either: they are found in nearly all species of plants and animals. Mitochondria are intriguing because they contain their own DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) in human beings is a small circular string of 16 thousand base-pairs, much simpler than the DNA found in our cell nuclei. Another important difference between MtDNA and nuclear DNA is that our MtDNA comes only from our mothers. When the male's sperm fertilizes the female's egg, their genetic material recombines, the egg and the sperm each contributing 23 chromosomes to the new zygote. Both the egg and the sperm contain their own mitochondria, but the sperm's few mitochondria are doomed to die: the egg locates sperm mitochondria and destroys them before they get a chance to replicate. At birth, human infants have nuclear DNA which is a fusion of their mother's and their father's nuclear DNA but their cells contain only their mother's MtDNA. Each of us had a biological mother and biological father: going back a single generation, each of us inherited genetic material from 2 different human individuals, mom and dad. If we regress 2 generations, to our grandparents, we find 4 different individuals contributing to our genetic heritage. The number of people who contributed to our individual nuclear DNA grows exponentially as we go back in time: a mere 5 generations ago, about 125 years ago, 32 different people contributed to our nuclear DNA. One of those 32 people, the woman who was your mother's mother's mothers' mother's mother had the exact same MtDNA as you do, because you got your MtDNA in an unfused line of descent from her. Twenty generations back, about 500 years ago, as many as 1 million different people contributed to your genetic inheritance. One of those million individual people, a woman, passed her MtDNA unaltered down to you in matrilineal descent. When MtDNA gets copied, rare mistakes and mutations occur, some of which result in still-functional mitochondria. Your MtDNA is almost certainly identical to your mother's MtDNA and your mother's mother's MtDNA, but the further we recede in matrilineal descent, the more likely we are to encounter mutations. Geneticists examine those rare mutations to calculate &quot;genetic distance&quot; between the now 100s of thousands of analyzed MtDNAs. They then use those calculations to trace, organize, and analyze human ancestry and migration. An MtDNA haplogroup is a set of haplotypes, statistical groupings of closely related DNA. Different haplogroups are found in different geographical regions and are due to distinct population histories. I am MtDNA haplogroup K. That means my mitochondrial DNA differs from the Cambridge Reference Sequence mitochondrial DNA at base pairs 16224C, 16311C, and 16519C in what is called Hyper Variable Region 1 (HVR1): those are the defining mutations for haplogroup K. Those mutations are relatively rare, shared by only about 8% of Europeans. Haplogroup K is also called Clan Katrine, the name retroactively given the first woman whose MtDNA had those defining mutations by Bryan Sykes in his 2001 book, The Seven Daughters of Eve. Clan Katrine includes other famous people, including Stephen Colbert, Katie Couric, and Otzi the Iceman, a 5,000 year-old mummy found in the Alps. Further testing by FamilyTreeDNA located additional mutations at 146C and 152C in HVR2, the defining mutations for haplotype 2a of haplogroup K, making my MtDNA haplogroup K2a, a relatively rare haplotype within haplogroup K. That is only the beginning of the story, however: this piece of information about my mitochondrial DNA opens out to a panoramic view of my matrilineal descent. Y-chromosome: patrilineal haplogroup Every one of our 50 trillion or so cells has a nucleus which contains chromosomes housing our nuclear DNA. Human beings have 46 chromosomes organized in 23 joined pairs and containing about 3 billion base-pairs, which function to organize each individual's biology. One of those chromosome pairs is sex-differentiating: men have an XY-chromosome-pair and women have an XX chromosome-pair. When females produce eggs and males produce sperm, those 23 pairs of chromosomes, diploids, are split into 23 single chromosomes, haploids. Any given sperm has either that man's X chromosome or his Y chromosome. At fertilization, the haploid cells, sperm and egg, recombine their nuclear DNA to produce a diploid, the zygote. If a Y-chromosome bearing sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote will almost certainly differentiate into a male and if an X-chromosome bearing sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will almost certainly differentiate female. Every person's nuclear DNA is a recombination of the nuclear DNA of their biological parents. The exception is the male Y chromosome, which is almost certainly identical to the father's Y chromosome. That men inherit their father's Y chromosome unaltered by their mother's DNA allows researchers to trace patrilineal descent. A mere 5 generations ago, about 125 years ago, for example, 32 different people contributed to a man's nuclear DNA. One of those 32 people, the man who was the father's father's fathers' father's father had nearly the exact same Y chromosome as the man does, unaltered by any other ancestor. And 20 generations back, about 500 years ago, as many as 1 million different people contributed to that man's genetic inheritance. One of those million individual people, a man, passed his Y chromosome unaltered down to him in patrilineal descent.&nbsp; When the Y chromosome gets copied, rare mistakes and mutations occur, some of which result in still-functional chromosomes. A man's Y chromosome is almost certainly identical to his father's and his father's father's Y chromosome, but the further we recede in patrilineal descent, the more likely we are to generate mutations. Geneticists examine those rare mutations to trace, organize, and analyze human ancestry and migration. A Y chromosome haplogroup is a set of haplotypes, statistical groupings of similarity in DNA: they allow geneticists to organize human descent. Different haplogroups are found in different geographical regions and are due to distinct population histories. I am Y chromosome haplogroup I1b. That means the 12 locations on my Y chromosome which were analyzed for their short tandem repeats (STRs) fit a particular genetic pattern which places me in Y chromosome haplogroup I. I have a particular mutation called marker P37.2 that places me in subclade I1b. Researchers call that particular haplotype I1b Dinaric, named after the Dinaric Alps region of the South Slavic Balkans which have the highest concentration of this genetic pattern. This, too, only begins the story, however: this piece of information about my Y chromosome DNA opens out to vast vistas across time and space. My deep genetic past Scientists, using DNA evidence, put the emergence of Homo sapiens sapiens at about 200,000 years ago. The oldest bones of our species that we have found have been dated to about 130,000 years ago. A very important member of our species has been termed &quot;Mitochondrial Eve&quot;. This woman lived from about 150,000 to 170,000 years ago. She is special not because she was the first woman: there were many other women alive at the time she was. Mitochondrial Eve was important because her mitochondrial DNA has been passed down, in matrilineal descent, to every single person alive today: she is our common mother. Eve lived in East Africa. The mitochondrial DNA of the daughters of Eve mutated after a number of generations into 2 different forms, termed L0 and L1. The concentration of the L0 and L1 variants of mitochondrial DNA is, to this day, highest in East Africa. After thousands of years, a variant of L1 DNA emerged. Today, L2 mitochondrial DNA is most concentrated in West Africa. About 80,000 years ago, a woman with L2 mitochondrial DNA gave birth to a girl with mutations which would develop into a new haplogroup, L3. Persons with L3 MtDNA are found all over Africa, but they are in high concentrations in Northern Africa. Members of haplogroup L3 moved north through the Middle East and were the first humans to leave Africa, probably around the time of the African Ice Age 60,000 years ago. My MtDNA past so far is: MtDNA Eve (160,000)--&gt; L1 --&gt; L2 --&gt; L3 (80,000) The African Ice Age of about 60,000 years ago is where my patrilineal descent begins. A male with Y-chromosome marker M168 lived about 50,000 years ago in northeast Africa and his Y-chromosome DNA is in every non-African man living today: his was the only lineage to survive outside of Africa. About 45,000 years ago, there was a mutation in the Y-chromosome in the M168 line: the M89 marker is found in 90-95% of all non-African males. The first man with marker M89 was born in Northern Africa or the Middle East. The story of my Y-chromosome DNA thus far is: M168 (50,000) --&gt; M89 (45,000) On the female side of things, about the time that M89 emerged, a woman with L3 MtDNA had a baby girl who gave rise to a new haplogroup, termed N. Her descendents lived in the Eastern Mediterranean and Western Asia. After a few thousand years of exploration and settlement, the descendents of the founding member of haplogroup N, gave rise to a woman with a new mutation. This woman gave rise to haplogroup R. Some of the members of haplogroup R migrated north across Turkey and into the Caucasus mountains of Georgia and Russia. About 50,000 years ago, a woman in MtDNA haplogroup R gave birth to a girl with a set of mutations which are considered to be determinative of a new haplogroup, U. This founding mother of haplogroup U has been given the name Ursula. Clan Ursula, as it is now called, spread throughout Europe and settled into isolated refuges as the Ice sheets descended from the north in the last Glacial Maximum. Thus far, the matrilineal descent looks like this: MtDNA Eve (160,000)--&gt; L1 --&gt; L2 --&gt; L3&nbsp;(80,000)--&gt; N (60,000)--&gt; R --&gt; U (50,000) On the male side of things, about 20,000 years ago, in an isolated refuge from the last Glacial Maximum, the last great Ice Age, somewhere in the Balkans, a man with Y-chromosome DNA M89 gave birth to a son with mutations which would come to define haplogroup I.&nbsp; Those mutations are&nbsp;defined by marker&nbsp;M170. As the ice sheets of the Last Glacial Maximum began to retreat in Europe, many of the descendants of haplogroup I followed northward. My descendants probably did not. About 15,000 years ago, a boy was born to a haplogroup I male with Y-chromosome mutations which defined haplotype I1b. This mutation is determined by marker P37.2 on my Y-chromosome. This man lived in central and southeastern Europe, likely in an Ice Age refuge in the Adriatic region of modern-day Croatia. As far as our personal ancestry goes back, my patrilineal ancestry is confined to the same small geographical area in the Dinaric Alps of the South Slavic Balkans. The men of my past are homeboys of the first order: they seem to have lived in the same neighborhood in every generation for about 20,000 years back. No wonder moving has always stressed me out so much! My complete Y-chromosome deep ancestry looks like this: M168 (50,000) -&gt; M89 (45,000) -&gt; I (M170 20,000)-&gt; I1b1 (P37.2 15,000) Back to the women. About 16,000 years ago, Katrine, the founding mother of MtDNA haplogroup K was born, probably in southern Russia or the steppes of the Black Sea. Katrine was a descendant of a woman in Clan Ursula, specifically in subclade U8. The most likely explanation has Katrine being born in a haplogroup U8 tribe moving north in Europe, following the retreating ice sheets as the last Glacial Maximum retreated north. My specific haplotype, K2a, emerged from haplogroup K in the last few thousand years in Europe and my mother passed that mitochondrial DNA down to me. My complete MtDNA deep ancestry looks like this: Eve (160,000)-&gt; L1-&gt; L2-&gt; L3 (80,000)-&gt; N (60,000)-&gt; R-&gt; U (50,000)-&gt; K (16,000) I am MtDNA haplogroup K2a and Y chromosome haplogroup I1b. That statement offers a panoramic view of my ancestral past, but it sits atop a mountain of understanding. en-us <p><i> a man with Y-chromosome DNA M89 gave birth to a son with mutations which would come to define haplogroup I.</i></p> <p>Better call Oprah!</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221691 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221691 <p><i> a man with Y-chromosome DNA M89 gave birth to a son with mutations which would come to define haplogroup I.</i></p> <p>Better call Oprah!</p> <p> I have thought of doing this also. Just haven't gotten around to it as of yet. Do they tell any information of recent ancestry? Say of the last 200 years?</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221695 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221695 <p> I have thought of doing this also. Just haven't gotten around to it as of yet. Do they tell any information of recent ancestry? Say of the last 200 years?</p> <p>&nbsp;Interesting. I'd love to spring the $100 for the kit....but my daughter says computers, CDs, DVDs, and clothes are much more important. (sigh)</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221698 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221698 <p>&nbsp;Interesting. I'd love to spring the $100 for the kit....but my daughter says computers, CDs, DVDs, and clothes are much more important. (sigh)</p> <p><i>Better call Oprah!</i></p> <p>One of the tabloids claims that Oprah weighs 246 pounds. They blamed Steadman.</p> <p><img src="http://www.photoshoppix.com/modules/coppermine/albums/userpics/10008/thumb_oprah.jpg" alt="" /></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221713 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221713 <p><i>Better call Oprah!</i></p> <p>One of the tabloids claims that Oprah weighs 246 pounds. They blamed Steadman.</p> <p><img src="http://www.photoshoppix.com/modules/coppermine/albums/userpics/10008/thumb_oprah.jpg" alt="" /></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p> no recent ancestry.</p> <p>well, depends on what you mean by recent, of course. </p> <p>some haplogroups seem to have developed 5,000 years ago or so.  that's about as close to the present as it gets.</p> <p>that's pretty "recent" considering 200,000 years of history for Homo Sapiens sapiens and about 2.5 million years for our Genus, Homo.</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221748 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221748 <p> no recent ancestry.</p> <p>well, depends on what you mean by recent, of course. </p> <p>some haplogroups seem to have developed 5,000 years ago or so.  that's about as close to the present as it gets.</p> <p>that's pretty "recent" considering 200,000 years of history for Homo Sapiens sapiens and about 2.5 million years for our Genus, Homo.</p> <p><span style="font-size: small">I so want to do this~ but the $100 stops me. Being adopted and my birth mother being uncommunicative</span>&nbsp;,<span style="font-size: small">this would place me in the past,however distant.To &quot;flesh out&quot; the human map is worth doing,congratulations!</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221754 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221754 <p><span style="font-size: small">I so want to do this~ but the $100 stops me. Being adopted and my birth mother being uncommunicative</span>&nbsp;,<span style="font-size: small">this would place me in the past,however distant.To &quot;flesh out&quot; the human map is worth doing,congratulations!</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;I was hoping it would be able to tell that w/in the past 10 generations where our ancestorys came from such as 10 percent was Northern Europe, 20% Africa etc.</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221756 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_221756 <p>&nbsp;I was hoping it would be able to tell that w/in the past 10 generations where our ancestorys came from such as 10 percent was Northern Europe, 20% Africa etc.</p> <p>One of whom was a prehistoric woman in Africa, puckishly&nbsp;nicknamed &quot;Eve.&quot;&nbsp; Mitochondrial DNA doesn't tell us anything about how many partners she had, alas, so we don't know how many &quot;Adams&quot; we're descended from.&nbsp; She certainly wasn't the only female alive at the time--just the one whose offspring survived the winnowing over a hundred thousand years.&nbsp;</p> <p>One of her descendents (a male) is the&nbsp;Y-Chromosome Adam, from whom all us proud owners of Y chromosomes are descended over the past 60,000 years.</p> <p>.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222035 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222035 <p>One of whom was a prehistoric woman in Africa, puckishly&nbsp;nicknamed &quot;Eve.&quot;&nbsp; Mitochondrial DNA doesn't tell us anything about how many partners she had, alas, so we don't know how many &quot;Adams&quot; we're descended from.&nbsp; She certainly wasn't the only female alive at the time--just the one whose offspring survived the winnowing over a hundred thousand years.&nbsp;</p> <p>One of her descendents (a male) is the&nbsp;Y-Chromosome Adam, from whom all us proud owners of Y chromosomes are descended over the past 60,000 years.</p> <p>.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;&quot;<font face="Comic Sans MS" size="2">I believe the human species with all of its genetic diversity evolved from only two individuals who interbred.&quot;</font></p> <p>Believing it doesn't make it so and if it isn't so you shouldn't believe it.&nbsp; That sentence is pretty ambiguous, though.</p> <p>If you mean that we all came from&nbsp;Adam and Eve,&nbsp;the first&nbsp;male and female&nbsp;human beings, then it is almost certainly false.&nbsp;</p> <p>First, it's extremely unlikely that the&nbsp;&quot;two individuals&quot; were themselves human.&nbsp; The first Homo sapiens sapiens&nbsp;was&nbsp;likely a&nbsp;mutant child of a Homo&nbsp;sapiens idaltu&nbsp;couple.&nbsp; Ethiopia's Afar triangle had been inhabited by a&nbsp; series of Hominid species back to at least 6 million years ago.&nbsp; The Homo sapiens idaltu fossils found there are quite&nbsp;similar&nbsp;to Homo sapiens sapiens skeletons.&nbsp; One unlucky Homo sapiens idaltu couple had a deformed child... a Homo sapiens sapiens human being.</p> <p>The simple question often asked is who that first&nbsp;Homo sapiens sapiens&nbsp;had sex with.&nbsp; The simple answer is that&nbsp;it got busy with&nbsp;Homo&nbsp;sapiens idaltu&nbsp;individuals.&nbsp; Couplings of idaltu&nbsp;and sapiens individuals likely produced&nbsp;both idaltu and sapiens children.&nbsp; And slowly, the population of Homo sapiens sapiens&nbsp;grew within the Homo sapiens idaltu community.&nbsp; This was&nbsp;in the neighborhood of 200,000 years ago.</p> <p>When the couplings between Homo sapiens sapiens produced children they were likely Homo sapiens sapiens children.&nbsp; But it is quite likely that many Homo sapiens sapiens were the offspring of Homo sapiens sapiens and Homo sapiens idaltu&nbsp;couples.</p> <p>Second, the claim that all living persons can trace their lines of descent to&nbsp;one pair of Homo sapiens sapiens ancestors is very different from the claim that this couple were the first Homo sapiens sapiens.&nbsp;&nbsp;Our most recent common ancestral pairs are&nbsp;likely much more recent than the earliest Homo sapiens sapiens.&nbsp;</p> <p>Third, the claim that there is only 1 such Homo sapiens sapiens couple which&nbsp;are ancestral to&nbsp;all contemporary humans is also&nbsp;unlikely.&nbsp; Over the last 200,000 years, there have likely been numerous pairs of Homo sapiens sapiens from which all of us are descended.</p> <p>That none of these likely&nbsp;conclusions is even countenanced in Holy texts is telling.&nbsp; That there is not even&nbsp;a single mention&nbsp;of DNA or chromosomes or even cells speaks volumes to the question of whether those texts are the words of anything approaching the all-knowing...</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222086 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222086 <p>&nbsp;&quot;<font face="Comic Sans MS" size="2">I believe the human species with all of its genetic diversity evolved from only two individuals who interbred.&quot;</font></p> <p>Believing it doesn't make it so and if it isn't so you shouldn't believe it.&nbsp; That sentence is pretty ambiguous, though.</p> <p>If you mean that we all came from&nbsp;Adam and Eve,&nbsp;the first&nbsp;male and female&nbsp;human beings, then it is almost certainly false.&nbsp;</p> <p>First, it's extremely unlikely that the&nbsp;&quot;two individuals&quot; were themselves human.&nbsp; The first Homo sapiens sapiens&nbsp;was&nbsp;likely a&nbsp;mutant child of a Homo&nbsp;sapiens idaltu&nbsp;couple.&nbsp; Ethiopia's Afar triangle had been inhabited by a&nbsp; series of Hominid species back to at least 6 million years ago.&nbsp; The Homo sapiens idaltu fossils found there are quite&nbsp;similar&nbsp;to Homo sapiens sapiens skeletons.&nbsp; One unlucky Homo sapiens idaltu couple had a deformed child... a Homo sapiens sapiens human being.</p> <p>The simple question often asked is who that first&nbsp;Homo sapiens sapiens&nbsp;had sex with.&nbsp; The simple answer is that&nbsp;it got busy with&nbsp;Homo&nbsp;sapiens idaltu&nbsp;individuals.&nbsp; Couplings of idaltu&nbsp;and sapiens individuals likely produced&nbsp;both idaltu and sapiens children.&nbsp; And slowly, the population of Homo sapiens sapiens&nbsp;grew within the Homo sapiens idaltu community.&nbsp; This was&nbsp;in the neighborhood of 200,000 years ago.</p> <p>When the couplings between Homo sapiens sapiens produced children they were likely Homo sapiens sapiens children.&nbsp; But it is quite likely that many Homo sapiens sapiens were the offspring of Homo sapiens sapiens and Homo sapiens idaltu&nbsp;couples.</p> <p>Second, the claim that all living persons can trace their lines of descent to&nbsp;one pair of Homo sapiens sapiens ancestors is very different from the claim that this couple were the first Homo sapiens sapiens.&nbsp;&nbsp;Our most recent common ancestral pairs are&nbsp;likely much more recent than the earliest Homo sapiens sapiens.&nbsp;</p> <p>Third, the claim that there is only 1 such Homo sapiens sapiens couple which&nbsp;are ancestral to&nbsp;all contemporary humans is also&nbsp;unlikely.&nbsp; Over the last 200,000 years, there have likely been numerous pairs of Homo sapiens sapiens from which all of us are descended.</p> <p>That none of these likely&nbsp;conclusions is even countenanced in Holy texts is telling.&nbsp; That there is not even&nbsp;a single mention&nbsp;of DNA or chromosomes or even cells speaks volumes to the question of whether those texts are the words of anything approaching the all-knowing...</p> <p>&nbsp;Et, I read that book years ago when it was the hot seller.&nbsp; I started the second book in the series but never could get into it.&nbsp; I suppose Layla (forgot..is that close to the name) was a mutant, or deformed child, according to Publicans post above.</p> <p>Or I could just watch the old Victor Mature version.</p> <p>I wouldn't be so interested to find out if I was a homo sapiens sapiens or homo sapiens idaltu as I would in finding out what I am other than German and Scandinavian.</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222124 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222124 <p>&nbsp;Et, I read that book years ago when it was the hot seller.&nbsp; I started the second book in the series but never could get into it.&nbsp; I suppose Layla (forgot..is that close to the name) was a mutant, or deformed child, according to Publicans post above.</p> <p>Or I could just watch the old Victor Mature version.</p> <p>I wouldn't be so interested to find out if I was a homo sapiens sapiens or homo sapiens idaltu as I would in finding out what I am other than German and Scandinavian.</p> <p>&nbsp;I really hate to post on your blog</p> <p>But just a small&nbsp;comment you can delete</p> <p>Your full of it&nbsp; Publican</p> <p>Ron=allred= Adam was my father= I didnt make the monkey family like the rest of you athiest and thank god</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222359 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222359 <p>&nbsp;I really hate to post on your blog</p> <p>But just a small&nbsp;comment you can delete</p> <p>Your full of it&nbsp; Publican</p> <p>Ron=allred= Adam was my father= I didnt make the monkey family like the rest of you athiest and thank god</p> <p>AllRed...  dude...</p> <p>Take a science class or two.  It will change your life.</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222421 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222421 <p>AllRed...  dude...</p> <p>Take a science class or two.  It will change your life.</p> <p>&nbsp;Nope&nbsp; but I see your a new person&nbsp;and happy&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; enjoy your trip though life&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I can only give you what the Word says&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I can't make you follow&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I can't save you&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I can cry for you and others&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222426 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222426 <p>&nbsp;Nope&nbsp; but I see your a new person&nbsp;and happy&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; enjoy your trip though life&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I can only give you what the Word says&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I can't make you follow&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I can't save you&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I can cry for you and others&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>Publican's full of &quot;it,&quot; where &quot;it&quot; is knowledge and wonder about the universe.</p> <p>.</p> <p>Proud to be full of&nbsp;*THAT*.&nbsp;</p> http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222434 http://people.bakersfield.com/home/Blog/Publican/24390/#c_222434 <p>Publican's full of &quot;it,&quot; where &quot;it&quot; is knowledge and wonder about the universe.</p> <p>.</p> <p>Proud to be full of&nbsp;*THAT*.&nbsp;</p>